Architecture
Note
This section is part of the internals documentation, and is partly targeted to contributors.
Starting with Pydantic V2, part of the codebase is written in Rust in a separate package called pydantic-core
.
This was done partly in order to improve validation and serialization performance (with the cost of limited
customization and extendibility of the internal logic).
This architecture documentation will first cover how the two pydantic
and pydantic-core
packages interact
together, then will go through the architecture specifics for various patterns (model definition, validation,
serialization, JSON Schema).
Usage of the Pydantic library can be divided into two parts:
- Model definition, done in the
pydantic
package. - Model validation and serialization, done in the
pydantic-core
package.
Model definition¶
Whenever a Pydantic BaseModel
is defined, the metaclass
will analyze the body of the model to collect a number of elements:
- Defined annotations to build model fields (collected in the
model_fields
attribute). - Model configuration, set with
model_config
. - Additional validators/serializers.
- Private attributes, class variables, identification of generic parametrization, etc.
Communicating between pydantic
and pydantic-core
: the core schema¶
We then need a way to communicate the collected information from the model definition to pydantic-core
,
so that validation and serialization is performed accordingly. To do so, Pydantic uses the concept
of a core schema: a structured (and serializable) Python dictionary (represented using
TypedDict
definitions) describing a specific validation and serialization
logic. It is the core data structure used to communicate between the pydantic
and pydantic-core
packages. Every core schema has a required type
key, and extra properties depending on this type
.
The generation of a core schema is handled in a single place, by the GenerateSchema
class
(no matter if it is for a Pydantic model or anything else).
Note
It is not possible to define a custom core schema. A core schema needs to be understood by the
pydantic-core
package, and as such we only support a fixed number of core schema types.
This is also part of the reason why the GenerateSchema
isn't truly exposed and properly
documented.
The core schema definitions can be found in the pydantic_core.core_schema
module.
In the case of a Pydantic model, a core schema will be constructed and set as the
__pydantic_core_schema__
attribute.
To illustrate what a core schema looks like, we will take the example of the
bool
core schema:
class BoolSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
type: Required[Literal['bool']]
strict: bool
ref: str
metadata: Any
serialization: SerSchema
When defining a Pydantic model with a boolean field:
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
class Model(BaseModel):
foo: bool = Field(strict=True)
The core schema for the foo
field will look like:
{
'type': 'bool',
'strict': True,
}
As seen in the BoolSchema
definition,
the serialization logic is also defined in the core schema.
If we were to define a custom serialization function for foo
, the serialization
key would look like:
{
'type': 'function-plain',
'function': <function Model.serialize_foo at 0x111>,
'is_field_serializer': True,
'info_arg': False,
'return_schema': {'type': 'int'},
}
Note that this is also a core schema definition, just that it is only relevant for pydantic-core
during serialization.
Core schemas cover a broad scope, and are used whenever we want to communicate between the Python and Rust side. While the previous examples were related to validation and serialization, it could in theory be used for anything: error management, extra metadata, etc.
JSON Schema generation¶
You may have noticed that the previous serialization core schema has a return_schema
key.
This is because the core schema is also used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema.
Similar to how the core schema is generated, the JSON Schema generation is handled by the
GenerateJsonSchema
class.
The generate
method
is the main entry point and is given the core schema of that model.
Coming back to our bool
field example, the bool_schema
method will be given the previously generated boolean core schema
and will return the following JSON Schema:
{
{"type": "boolean"}
}
Customizing the core schema and JSON schema¶
Usage Documentation
While the GenerateSchema
and GenerateJsonSchema
classes handle
the creation of the corresponding schemas, Pydantic offers a way to customize them in some cases, following a wrapper pattern.
This customization is done through the __get_pydantic_core_schema__
and __get_pydantic_json_schema__
methods.
To understand this wrapper pattern, we will take the example of metadata classes used with Annotated
,
where the __get_pydantic_core_schema__
method can be used:
from typing import Any
from pydantic_core import CoreSchema
from typing_extensions import Annotated
from pydantic import GetCoreSchemaHandler, TypeAdapter
class MyStrict:
@classmethod
def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
) -> CoreSchema:
schema = handler(source)
schema['strict'] = True
return schema
class MyGt:
@classmethod
def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
) -> CoreSchema:
schema = handler(source)
schema['gt'] = 1
return schema
ta = TypeAdapter(Annotated[int, MyStrict(), MyGt()])
from typing import Any
from pydantic_core import CoreSchema
from typing import Annotated
from pydantic import GetCoreSchemaHandler, TypeAdapter
class MyStrict:
@classmethod
def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
) -> CoreSchema:
schema = handler(source)
schema['strict'] = True
return schema
class MyGt:
@classmethod
def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
) -> CoreSchema:
schema = handler(source)
schema['gt'] = 1
return schema
ta = TypeAdapter(Annotated[int, MyStrict(), MyGt()])
When the GenerateSchema
class builds the core schema for Annotated[int, MyStrict(), MyGt()]
, it will
create an instance of a GetCoreSchemaHandler
to be passed to the MyGt.__get_pydantic_core_schema__
method.
The source
argument depends on the core schema generation pattern. In the case of Annotated
,
the source
will be the type being annotated. When defining a custom type,
the source
will be the actual class where __get_pydantic_core_schema__
is defined.
Model validation and serialization¶
While model definition was scoped to the class level (i.e. when defining your model), model validation
and serialization happens at the instance level. Both these concepts are handled in pydantic-core
(providing a 5 to 20 performance increase compared to Pydantic V1), by using the previously built core schema.
pydantic-core
exposes a SchemaValidator
and
SchemaSerializer
class to perform these tasks:
from pydantic import BaseModel
class Model(BaseModel):
foo: int
model = Model.model_validate({'foo': 1})
dumped = model.model_dump()